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Using MFC (Microsoft Foundation Classes) COMP 345 By: Rishinder Paul Introduction to Visual Studio 2010 and MFC. For GUI design, it provides all the necessary support needed in the form of functions. In this section, we will build UI application using Windows Form provided by Visual Studio 2013. In Project Setup stage for deploy, VS 2012 will be used. Express versions will work except the project setup for deployment. The app is a very simple random number generator with two buttons (Generator.
Important
This tutorial uses C++/CX. Microsoft has released C++/WinRT: an entirely standard modern C++17 language projection for Windows Runtime (WinRT) APIs. For more information on this language, please see C++/WinRT.
With Microsoft Visual Studio, you can use C++/CX to develop an app that runs on Windows 10 with a UI that's defined in Extensible Application Markup Language (XAML).
Note
This tutorial uses Visual Studio Community 2019. If you are using a different version of Visual Studio, it may look a little different for you.
Before you start
- To complete this tutorial, you must use Visual Studio Community, or one of the non-Community versions of Visual Studio, on a computer that's running Windows 10. To download, see Get the tools.
- We assume you have a basic understanding of C++/CX, XAML, and the concepts in the XAML overview.
- We assume you're using the default window layout in Visual Studio. To reset to the default layout, on the menu bar, choose Window > Reset Window Layout.
Comparing C++ desktop apps to Windows apps
If you're coming from a background in Windows desktop programming in C++, you'll probably find that some aspects of writing apps for the UWP are familiar, but other aspects require some learning.
What's the same?
- You can use the STL, the CRT (with some exceptions), and any other C++ library as long as the code only calls Windows functions that are accessible from the Windows Runtime environment.
- If you're accustomed to visual designers, you can still use the designer built into Microsoft Visual Studio, or you can use the more full-featured Blend for Visual Studio. If you're accustomed to coding UI by hand, you can hand-code your XAML.
- You're still creating apps that use Windows operating system types and your own custom types.
- You're still using the Visual Studio debugger, profiler, and other development tools.
- You're still creating apps that are compiled to native machine code by the Visual C++ compiler. UWP apps in C++/CX don't execute in a managed runtime environment.
What's new?
- The design principles for UWP apps and Universal Windows apps are very different from those for desktop apps. Window borders, labels, dialog boxes, and so on, are de-emphasized. Content is foremost. Great Universal Windows apps incorporate these principles from the very beginning of the planning stage.
- You're using XAML to define the entire UI. The separation between UI and core program logic is much clearer in a Windows Universal app than in an MFC or Win32 app. Other people can work on the appearance of the UI in the XAML file while you're working on the behavior in the code file.
- You're primarily programming against a new, easy-to-navigate, object-oriented API, the Windows Runtime, although on Windows devices Win32 is still available for some functionality.
- You use C++/CX to consume and create Windows Runtime objects. C++/CX enables C++ exception handling, delegates, events, and automatic reference counting of dynamically created objects. When you use C++/CX, the details of the underlying COM and Windows architecture are hidden from your app code. For more information, see C++/CX Language Reference.
- Your app is compiled into a package that also contains metadata about the types that your app contains, the resources that it uses, and the capabilities that it requires (file access, internet access, camera access, and so forth).
- In the Microsoft Store and Windows Phone Store your app is verified as safe by a certification process and made discoverable to millions of potential customers.
Hello World Store app in C++/CX
Our first app is a 'Hello World' that demonstrates some basic features of interactivity, layout, and styles. We'll create an app from the Windows Universal app project template. If you've developed apps for Windows 8.1 and Windows Phone 8.1 before, you might remember that you had to have three projects in Visual Studio, one for the Windows app, one for the phone app, and another with shared code. The Windows 10 Universal Windows Platform (UWP) makes it possible to have just one project, which runs on all devices, including desktop and laptop computers running Windows 10, devices such as tablets, mobile phones, VR devices and so on.
We'll start with the basics:
- How to create a Universal Windows project in Visual Studio.
- How to understand the projects and files that are created.
- How to understand the extensions in Visual C++ component extensions (C++/CX), and when to use them.
First, create a solution in Visual Studio
- In Visual Studio, on the menu bar, choose File > New > Project...
- In the Create a new project dialog box, select Blank App (Universal Windows - C++/CX). If you don't see this option, make sure you have the Universal Windows App Development Tools installed. See Get set up for more information.
- Choose Next, and then enter a name for the project. We'll name it HelloWorld.
- Choose the Create button.
Note
If this is the first time you have used Visual Studio, you might see a Settings dialog asking you to enable Developer mode. Developer mode is a special setting that enables certain features, such as permission to run apps directly, rather than only from the Store. For more information, please read Enable your device for development. To continue with this guide, select Developer mode, click Yes, and close the dialog.
Your project files are created.
Before we go on, let's look at what's in the solution.
About the project files
Every .xaml file in a project folder has a corresponding .xaml.h file and .xaml.cpp file in the same folder and a .g file and a .g.hpp file in the Generated Files folder, which is on disk but not part of the project. You modify the XAML files to create UI elements and connect them to data sources (DataBinding). You modify the .h and .cpp files to add custom logic for event handlers. The auto-generated files represent the transformation of the XAML markup into C++/CX. Don't modify these files, but you can study them to better understand how the code-behind works. Basically, the generated file contains a partial class definition for a XAML root element; this class is the same class that you modify in the *.xaml.h and .cpp files. The generated files declare the XAML UI child elements as class members so that you can reference them in the code you write. At build time, the generated code and your code are merged into a complete class definition and then compiled.
Let's look first at the project files.
- App.xaml, App.xaml.h, App.xaml.cpp: Represent the Application object, which is an app's entry point. App.xaml contains no page-specific UI markup, but you can add UI styles and other elements that you want to be accessible from any page. The code-behind files contain handlers for the OnLaunched and OnSuspending events. Typically, you add custom code here to initialize your app when it starts and perform cleanup when it's suspended or terminated.
- **MainPage.xaml, MainPage.xaml.h, MainPage.xaml.cpp:**Contain the XAML markup and code-behind for the default 'start' page in an app. It has no navigation support or built-in controls.
- pch.h, pch.cpp: A precompiled header file and the file that includes it in your project. In pch.h, you can include any headers that do not change often and are included in other files in the solution.
- Package.appxmanifest: An XML file that describes the device capabilities that your app requires, and the app version info and other metadata. To open this file in the Manifest Designer, just double-click it.
- **HelloWorld_TemporaryKey.pfx:**A key that enables deployment of the app on this machine, from Visual Studio.
A first look at the code
If you examine the code in App.xaml.h, App.xaml.cpp in the shared project, you'll notice that it's mostly C++ code that looks familiar. However, some syntax elements might not be as familiar if you are new to Windows Runtime apps, or you've worked with C++/CLI. Here are the most common non-standard syntax elements you'll see in C++/CX:
Ref classes
Almost all Windows Runtime classes, which includes all the types in the Windows API--XAML controls, the pages in your app, the App class itself, all device and network objects, all container types--are declared as a ref class. (A few Windows types are value class or value struct). A ref class is consumable from any language. In C++/CX, the lifetime of these types is governed by automatic reference counting (not garbage collection) so that you never explicitly delete these objects. You can create your own ref classes as well.
All Windows Runtime types must be declared within a namespace and unlike in ISO C++ the types themselves have an accessibility modifier. The public modifier makes the class visible to Windows Runtime components outside the namespace. The sealed keyword means the class cannot serve as a base class. Almost all ref classes are sealed; class inheritance is not broadly used because Javascript does not understand it.
ref new and ^ (hats)
You declare a variable of a ref class by using the ^ (hat) operator, and you instantiate the object with the ref new keyword. Thereafter you access the object's instance methods with the -> operator just like a C++ pointer. Static methods are accessed with the :: operator just as in ISO C++.
In the following code, we use the fully qualified name to instantiate an object, and use the -> operator to call an instance method.
Typically, in a .cpp file we would add a
using namespace Windows::UI::Xaml::Media::Imaging
directive and the auto keyword, so that the same code would look like this:Properties
A ref class can have properties, which, just as in managed languages, are special member functions that appear as fields to consuming code.
Delegates
Just as in managed languages, a delegate is a reference type that encapsulates a function with a specific signature. They are most often used with events and event handlers
Adding content to the app
Let's add some content to the app.
Step 1: Modify your start page
- In Solution Explorer, open MainPage.xaml.
- Create controls for the UI by adding the following XAML to the root Grid, immediately before its closing tag. It contains a StackPanel that has a TextBlock that asks the user's name, a TextBox element that accepts the user's name, a Button, and another TextBlock element.
- At this point, you have created a very basic Universal Windows app. To see what the UWP app looks like, press F5 to build, deploy, and run the app in debugging mode.
The default splash screen appears first. It has an image—AssetsSplashScreen.scale-100.png—and a background color that are specified in the app's manifest file. To learn how to customize the splash screen, see Adding a splash screen.
When the splash screen disappears, your app appears. It displays the main page of the App.
It doesn't do much—yet—but congratulations, you've built your first Universal Windows Platform app!
To stop debugging and close the app, return to Visual Studio and press Shift+F5.
For more information, see Run a Store app from Visual Studio.
In the app, you can type in the TextBox, but clicking the Button doesn't do anything. In later steps, you create an event handler for the button's Click event, which displays a personalized greeting.
Step 2: Create an event handler
- In MainPage.xaml, in either XAML or design view, select the 'Say Hello' Button in the StackPanel you added earlier.
- Open the Properties Window by pressing F4, and then choose the Events button ().
- Find the Click event. In its text box, type the name of the function that handles the Click event. For this example, type 'Button_Click'.
- Press Enter. The event handler method is created in MainPage.xaml.cpp and opened so that you can add the code that's executed when the event occurs.
At the same time, in MainPage.xaml, the XAML for the Button is updated to declare the Click event handler, like this:
You could also have simply added this to the xaml code manually, which can be helpful if the designer doesn't load. If you enter this manually, type 'Click' and then let IntelliSense pop up the option to add a new event handler. That way, Visual Studio creates the necessary method declaration and stub.
The designer fails to load if an unhandled exception occurs during rendering. Rendering in the designer involves running a design-time version of the page. It can be helpful to disable running user code. You can do this by changing the setting in the Tools, Options dialog box. Under XAML Designer, uncheck Run project code in XAML designer (if supported).
- In MainPage.xaml.cpp, add the following code to the Button_Click event handler that you just created. This code retrieves the user's name from the
nameInput
TextBox control and uses it to create a greeting. ThegreetingOutput
TextBlock displays the result. - Set the project as the startup, and then press F5 to build and run the app. When you type a name in the text box and click the button, the app displays a personalized greeting.
Step 3: Style the start page
Choosing a theme
It's easy to customize the look and feel of your app. By default, your app uses resources that have a light style. The system resources also include a light theme. Let's try it out and see what it looks like.
To switch to the dark theme
- Open App.xaml.
- In the opening Application tag, edit the RequestedTheme property and set its value to Dark:Here's the full Application tag with the dark theme :
- Press F5 to build and run it. Notice that it uses the dark theme.
Which theme should you use? Whichever one you want. Here's our take: for apps that mostly display images or video, we recommend the dark theme; for apps that contain a lot of text, we recommend the light theme. If you're using a custom color scheme, use the theme that goes best with your app's look and feel. In the rest of this tutorial, we use the Light theme in screenshots.
Note The theme is applied when the app is started and can't be changed while the app is running.
Using system styles
Right now, in the Windows app the text is very small and difficult to read. Let's fix that by applying a system style.
To change the style of an element
- In the Windows project, open MainPage.xaml.
- In either XAML or design view, select the 'What's your name?'TextBlock that you added earlier.
- In the Properties window (F4), choose the Properties button () in the upper right.
- Expand the Text group and set the font size to 18 px.
- Expand the Miscellaneous group and find the Style property.
- Click the property marker (the green box to the right of the Style property), and then, on the menu, choose System Resource > BaseTextBlockStyle.BaseTextBlockStyle is a resource that's defined in the ResourceDictionary in
Program FilesWindows Kits10Includewinrtxamldesigngeneric.xaml. On the XAML design surface, the appearance of the text changes. In the XAML editor, the XAML for the TextBlock is updated: - Repeat the process to set the font size and assign the BaseTextBlockStyle to the
greetingOutput
TextBlock element.Tip Although there's no text in this TextBlock, when you move the pointer over the XAML design surface, a blue outline shows where it is so that you can select it.Your XAML now looks like this: - Press F5 to build and run the app. It now looks like this:
Step 4: Adapt the UI to different window sizes
Now we'll make the UI adapt to different screen sizes so it looks good on mobile devices. To do this, you add a VisualStateManager and set properties that are applied for different visual states.
Dev C++ Gui
To adjust the UI layout
- In the XAML editor, add this block of XAML after the opening tag of the root Grid element.
- Debug the app on the local machine. Notice that the UI looks the same as before unless the window gets narrower than 641 device-independent pixels (DIPs).
- Debug the app on the mobile device emulator. Notice that the UI uses the properties you defined in the
narrowState
and appears correctly on the small screen.
If you've used a VisualStateManager in previous versions of XAML, you might notice that the XAML here uses a simplified syntax.
The VisualState named
wideState
has an AdaptiveTrigger with its MinWindowWidth property set to 641. This means that the state is to be applied only when the window width is not less than the minimum of 641 DIPs. You don't define any Setter objects for this state, so it uses the layout properties you defined in the XAML for the page content.The second VisualState,
narrowState
, has an AdaptiveTrigger with its MinWindowWidth property set to 0. This state is applied when the window width is greater than 0, but less than 641 DIPs. (At 641 DIPs, the wideState
is applied.) In this state, you do define some Setter objects to change the layout properties of controls in the UI:- You reduce the left margin of the
contentPanel
element from 120 to 20. - You change the Orientation of the
inputPanel
element from Horizontal to Vertical. - You add a top margin of 4 DIPs to the
inputButton
element.
Summary
Congratulations, you've completed the first tutorial! It taught how to add content to Windows Universal apps, how to add interactivity to them, and how to change their appearance.
Next steps
If you have a Windows Universal app project that targets Windows 8.1 and/or Windows Phone 8.1, you can port it to Windows 10. There is no automatic process for this, but you can do it manually. Start with a new Windows Universal project to get the latest project system structure and manifest files, copy your code files into the project's directory structure, add the items to your project, and rewrite your XAML using the VisualStateManager according to the guidance in this topic. For more information, see Porting a Windows Runtime 8 project to a Universal Windows Platform (UWP) project and Porting to the Universal Windows Platform (C++).
If you have existing C++ code that you want to integrate with a UWP app, such as to create a new UWP UI for an existing application, see How to: Use existing C++ code in a Universal Windows project.
-->This walkthrough shows how to create a traditional Windows desktop application in Visual Studio. The example application you'll create uses the Windows API to display 'Hello, Windows desktop!' in a window. You can use the code that you develop in this walkthrough as a pattern to create other Windows desktop applications.
The Windows API (also known as the Win32 API, Windows Desktop API, and Windows Classic API) is a C-language-based framework for creating Windows applications. It has been in existence since the 1980s and has been used to create Windows applications for decades. More advanced and easier-to-program frameworks have been built on top of the Windows API. For example, MFC, ATL, the .NET frameworks. Even the most modern Windows Runtime code for UWP and Store apps written in C++/WinRT uses the Windows API underneath. For more information about the Windows API, see Windows API Index. There are many ways to create Windows applications, but the process above was the first.
Important
For the sake of brevity, some code statements are omitted in the text. The Build the code section at the end of this document shows the complete code.
Prerequisites
- A computer that runs Microsoft Windows 7 or later versions. We recommend Windows 10 for the best development experience.
- A copy of Visual Studio. For information on how to download and install Visual Studio, see Install Visual Studio. When you run the installer, make sure that the Desktop development with C++ workload is checked. Don't worry if you didn't install this workload when you installed Visual Studio. You can run the installer again and install it now.
- An understanding of the basics of using the Visual Studio IDE. If you've used Windows desktop apps before, you can probably keep up. For an introduction, see Visual Studio IDE feature tour.
- An understanding of enough of the fundamentals of the C++ language to follow along. Don't worry, we don't do anything too complicated.
Create a Windows desktop project
Follow these steps to create your first Windows desktop project. As you go, you'll enter the code for a working Windows desktop application. To see the documentation for your preferred version of Visual Studio, use the Version selector control. It's found at the top of the table of contents on this page.
To create a Windows desktop project in Visual Studio 2019
- From the main menu, choose File > New > Project to open the Create a New Project dialog box.
- At the top of the dialog, set Language to C++, set Platform to Windows, and set Project type to Desktop.
- From the filtered list of project types, choose Windows Desktop Wizard then choose Next. In the next page, enter a name for the project, for example, DesktopApp.
- Choose the Create Ozone imager vst free download. button to create the project.
- The Windows Desktop Project dialog now appears. Under Application type, select Desktop application (.exe). Under Additional options, select Empty project. Choose OK to create the project.
- In Solution Explorer, right-click the DesktopApp project, choose Add, and then choose New Item.
- In the Add New Item dialog box, select C++ File (.cpp). In the Name box, type a name for the file, for example, HelloWindowsDesktop.cpp. Choose Add.
Your project is now created and your source file is opened in the editor. To continue, skip ahead to Create the code.
To create a Windows desktop project in Visual Studio 2017
- On the File menu, choose New and then choose Project.
- In the New Project dialog box, in the left pane, expand Installed > Visual C++, then select Windows Desktop. In the middle pane, select Windows Desktop Wizard.In the Name box, type a name for the project, for example, DesktopApp. Choose OK.
- In the Windows Desktop Project dialog, under Application type, select Windows application (.exe). Under Additional options, select Empty project. Make sure Precompiled Header isn't selected. Choose OK to create the project.
- In Solution Explorer, right-click the DesktopApp project, choose Add, and then choose New Item.
- In the Add New Item dialog box, select C++ File (.cpp). In the Name box, type a name for the file, for example, HelloWindowsDesktop.cpp. Choose Add.
Your project is now created and your source file is opened in the editor. To continue, skip ahead to Create the code.
To create a Windows desktop project in Visual Studio 2015
- On the File menu, choose New and then choose Project.
- In the New Project dialog box, in the left pane, expand Installed > Templates > Visual C++, and then select Win32. In the middle pane, select Win32 Project.In the Name box, type a name for the project, for example, DesktopApp. Choose OK.
- On the Overview page of the Win32 Application Wizard, choose Next.
- On the Application Settings page, under Application type, select Windows application. Under Additional options, uncheck Precompiled header, then select Empty project. Choose Finish to create the project.
- In Solution Explorer, right-click the DesktopApp project, choose Add, and then choose New Item.
- In the Add New Item dialog box, select C++ File (.cpp). In the Name box, type a name for the file, for example, HelloWindowsDesktop.cpp. Choose Add.
Your project is now created and your source file is opened in the editor.
Create the code
Next, you'll learn how to create the code for a Windows desktop application in Visual Studio.
To start a Windows desktop application
- Just as every C application and C++ application must have a
main
function as its starting point, every Windows desktop application must have aWinMain
function.WinMain
has the following syntax.For information about the parameters and return value of this function, see WinMain entry point.NoteWhat are all those extra words, such asCALLBACK
, orHINSTANCE
, or_In_
? The traditional Windows API uses typedefs and preprocessor macros extensively to abstract away some of the details of types and platform-specific code, such as calling conventions, __declspec declarations, and compiler pragmas. In Visual Studio, you can use the IntelliSense Quick Info feature to see what these typedefs and macros define. Hover your mouse over the word of interest, or select it and press Ctrl+K, Ctrl+I for a small pop-up window that contains the definition. For more information, see Using IntelliSense. Parameters and return types often use SAL Annotations to help you catch programming errors. For more information, see Using SAL Annotations to Reduce C/C++ Code Defects. - Windows desktop programs require <windows.h>. <tchar.h> defines the
TCHAR
macro, which resolves ultimately to wchar_t if the UNICODE symbol is defined in your project, otherwise it resolves to char. If you always build with UNICODE enabled, you don't need TCHAR and can just use wchar_t directly. - Along with the
WinMain
function, every Windows desktop application must also have a window-procedure function. This function is typically namedWndProc
, but you can name it whatever you like.WndProc
has the following syntax.In this function, you write code to handle messages that the application receives from Windows when events occur. For example, if a user chooses an OK button in your application, Windows will send a message to you and you can write code inside yourWndProc
function that does whatever work is appropriate. It's called handling an event. You only handle the events that are relevant for your application.For more information, see Window Procedures.
To add functionality to the WinMain function
- In the
WinMain
function, you populate a structure of type WNDCLASSEX. The structure contains information about the window: the application icon, the background color of the window, the name to display in the title bar, among other things. Importantly, it contains a function pointer to your window procedure. The following example shows a typicalWNDCLASSEX
structure.For information about the fields of the structure above, see WNDCLASSEX. - Register the
WNDCLASSEX
with Windows so that it knows about your window and how to send messages to it. Use the RegisterClassEx function and pass the window class structure as an argument. The_T
macro is used because we use theTCHAR
type. - Now you can create a window. Use the CreateWindow function.This function returns an
HWND
, which is a handle to a window. A handle is somewhat like a pointer that Windows uses to keep track of open windows. For more information, see Windows Data Types. - At this point, the window has been created, but we still need to tell Windows to make it visible. That's what this code does:The displayed window doesn't have much content because you haven't yet implemented the
WndProc
function. In other words, the application isn't yet handling the messages that Windows is now sending to it. - To handle the messages, we first add a message loop to listen for the messages that Windows sends. When the application receives a message, this loop dispatches it to your
WndProc
function to be handled. The message loop resembles the following code.For more information about the structures and functions in the message loop, see MSG, GetMessage, TranslateMessage, and DispatchMessage.At this point, theWinMain
function should resemble the following code.
To add functionality to the WndProc function
- To enable the
WndProc
function to handle the messages that the application receives, implement a switch statement.One important message to handle is the WM_PAINT message. The application receives theWM_PAINT
message when part of its displayed window must be updated. The event can occur when a user moves a window in front of your window, then moves it away again. Your application doesn't know when these events occur. Only Windows knows, so it notifies your app with aWM_PAINT
message. When the window is first displayed, all of it must be updated.To handle aWM_PAINT
message, first call BeginPaint, then handle all the logic to lay out the text, buttons, and other controls in the window, and then call EndPaint. For the application, the logic between the beginning call and the ending call is to display the string 'Hello, Windows desktop!' in the window. In the following code, notice that the TextOut function is used to display the string.HDC
in the code is a handle to a device context, which is a data structure that Windows uses to enable your application to communicate with the graphics subsystem. TheBeginPaint
andEndPaint
functions make your application behave like a good citizen and doesn't use the device context for longer than it needs to. The functions help make the graphics subsystem is available for use by other applications. - An application typically handles many other messages. For example, WM_CREATE when a window is first created, and WM_DESTROY when the window is closed. The following code shows a basic but complete
WndProc
function.
Build the code
As promised, here's the complete code for the working application.
To build this example
- Delete any code you've entered in HelloWindowsDesktop.cpp in the editor. Copy this example code and then paste it into HelloWindowsDesktop.cpp:
- On the Build menu, choose Build Solution. The results of the compilation should appear in the Output window in Visual Studio.
- To run the application, press F5. A window that contains the text 'Hello, Windows desktop!' should appear in the upper-left corner of the display.
Congratulations! You've completed this walkthrough and built a traditional Windows desktop application.